Y chromosomes of the Iberian Peninsula

Research suggests that 1 in 5 men in the Iberian peninsula have jewish ancestors.

1 in 10 has a north African ancestor.

Many jews and moors are believed to have converted after 1492

genes linked to multiple sclerosis

Variants of a gene called KIF1b have been linked to multiple sclerosis.
A recent study(August 2011) has found another 29 genes including possibly a zinc finger gene, some of the genes are also associated with other autoimmune diseases like crohn's disease and type 1 diabetes.
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California company unveils new genome technique

Pacific Biosciences of Menlo Park, hopes to be able to read a person's genome in about half an hour by about 2010.

Phoenician genetic legacy

1 in 17 men in the mediteranean area may be descended from a phoenician man.
Highest frequencies of phoenician haplotypes were in Tangiers, western Sicily,Cyprus and Lebanon area.

Haplotypes J2 and E3B were found in high frequencies in those areas.

Genes linked to drug addiction

Scientists believe that genetic factors is involved in 70% of cases of cocaine addictions.
A variant ofthe CAMK4 gene has been linked to cocaine addiction.

genes linked to kidney disease

apol1(apolipoprotein l-1) variants(rs73885319,rs 71785313 and rs60910145) have been linked to kidney disease.
Search Amazon.com for apolipoprotein
MYH9 locus variants(e-1) have been linked to nondiabetic kidney disease in African americans.
Search Amazon.com for myh proteins

genes linked to parkinson's Disease

Mutation in a gene called LKKR2 or G2019S has been linked in some studies to Parkinson's Disease.

SNCA has also been linked to parkinson's
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Human population genetics in India.

India still has the `out of africa' genetic footprint.

The M2 mitochondrial DNA haplogroup split from the main M haplogroup in India about 50,000 years ago.

About 10% of tribals have this haplogroup.

A study of 132 people from 25 groups, plus 560,000 snps(405 snps from 55 groups).

Nyshi and ao naga respectively tribals in Arunachel pradesh and Nagaland,speakers of a Tibeto-burman language genetically cluster with the chinese..

Those who speak Indo-european or were of higher castes eg brahmin,I presume, tended to cluster with western eurasians.

Genomics Institue at Harvard University receives endowment

The Broad Institue of MIT and Harvard will receive an endowment of $400 million from Eli Broad,an philanthropist, which will create a non-profit organisation.

The institue does things like genome sequencing and genetic disease factors.

genes linked to brain cancer

A mutation in a gene called IDH1 appears in gliolastoma suffers who are 20 years younger than normal glioblastoma suffers.
Mutation(s) produce an amino acid substitation at arg132(R132)

Mutations in the following genes have been associated with glioblastoma;EGFR, MLH1,MSH2, MSH6, NF1(mutations e25-1, e29+1, Q1966, R1513 R1391S),PI(3)K, PMS2, TP53 ,

The APC and beta-catenin gene have been implicated in brain cancer.

Park2 has also been associated with glioblastoma

CCR5 distribution

A gene variant CCR5-Delta32, so-called because 32 DNA base pairs are missing gives some people some resistance to HIV infection and take longer to develope AIDS.

The variant is in about 15% of people in some northern European areas,whereas less than 4% of Greeks have the variant.

The frequency of the gene variant follows the changing boundaries of the Roman Empire 500BC-500 AD.

One theory is that the Romans brought with them disease-carrying mosquitoes, which reduced CCR5-Delta32 frequency,modern carriers of the variant are more susceptible to West Nile Fever.

Neanderthal Genome

Analysis of DNA from a 38,000 years old bone found in a cave near Vindija, Croatia, has revealed DNA of 13 genes in mitochondrial DNA , different from that of modern humans,suggesting little or no interbreeding with modern humans.

5.3 gb of  neanderthal dna sequence has been generated.

It is believed that mutations in their mitochondrial DNA might have led to their extinction

The analysis suggests that Neanderthals share a mitochondrial `Eve' about 660,000 year ago when they probably split rom other humans.

They were lactose-intolorant.

The researchers at the Max-Planck Institue have read 4% so far of the neanderthal genome, and hope to complete the whole genome by end of year.

Five neanderthal mitochondrial genomes have been sequenced,the team led by svante paabo at the max planck institue sequenced over 16,000 mitochondrial bases of which only 55 bases only differed among rhe six samples.
It has been calculated that there may have only been only 3,500 breeding female neanderthal at any one time.
Project leader Svante paabo is to announce preliminary results on 12 February 2009.
He says his group will publish a first draft of the genome later this year(2009).

Search Amazon.com for neanderthal genome
Researchers have discovered that up to 4% of non-africans DNA is from neanderthals.
Such genetics exchanges propably took places in the fertile crescent.
One gene discovered is the HLA*0702 which is common in europeans and asians

Researchers have found differences between neanderthals and modern humans in genes concerned with metabolism,skin and skeleton.

Researchers have found an ABO group locus and a taste receptor gene.

Genes possibly originating from interbreeding with neanderthals include:
HLA-A*02-C*07:02,HLA-A*26-C*16:02,HLA-A*66-1602 which has its highest frequencies where the burmese,chinese and indian border meet.
 
HLA-C*1505 possibly may have passed from neanderthals to modern human populations in the area between the nile delta,northern saudi arabia and cicilia in turkey.
(perhaps some of the people mentioned in the bible had this gene).
Also present in about 2-3% of the essaouira-tangiers costal area which was a neanderthal outlier area.

Genes linked to autism

NHE9 mutations have been linked to autism.

NLGN4 gene mutations G995,K378R,R704C and V403M as well as deletions of exons 4,5 and 6 are believed to be linked to autism.

A deletion close to a gene called PCDH10 appears to be liked with autism.

Shank3 deletions has also been linked to autism.

A variant of the MET gene is more common in autistic children, who also have bowel disorders.

SNPs believe to be associate with autism include;
rs10512025
rs12293188
rs13206855
rs16910190
rs16910194
rs17088254
rs2632453
rs3763947
rs4307059
rs4742408
rs4742409
rs6477233
rs7766973
rs7923367
rs952834

Genes linked with Crohn's isease

the following genes have been linked.
Atg16l1 t300a
IRGM
nlrp3
NOD2
rs20411
rs745230



Ashkenaz jews have genetic markers for Crohn's disease at the following.
rs2986
rs555920
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Genes linked to Graves' disease

A study suggests that a gene called CTLA4 may be linked.
A SNP called CTLA4_-1722_T/C appears to have a strong association with GD.

ICAM-1 and

SELE polymorphisms have been linked to grave disease,polymorphisms like rs3917412

Genes linked to epilepsy

genes associated with a rare form of inherited epilepsy called Action myoclonus-renal failure syndrome, whose sufferers are also affected by kidney failure,include SCARB2 mutations

Eye colour genes

OCA2 rs1667394
OCA2 rs7495174
TYRP1 polymorphisms have been linked with eye colour.
rs1408799

TYR polymorphism rs1126809

OCA2 on chromosome 15 influences eye colour.
A mutation of about 6-10,000 years ago lead to blue-eyed people.

skin pigment genes

An ASIP polymorphism rs6058017
SLC24A4
SLC24A5,a variant of this gene has been linked to lighter skin colour
tpcn2
Search Amazon.com for skin genetics

genes linked to skin cancer/melanomas

Genes at the following loci are believed to be associated with cutaneous melanomas;
20q11
NRHC
RHC
rs1042602
rs1126809
rs1408799
rs1885120
rs910873


genes at the ollowing loci are believed to be associated with basal cell carcinoma.
20q11
RHC
rs1126809

genes linked to schizophrenia

A gene called ZNF804A increases the risk of schizophrenia by 1%.

The following genes are believed to possily be associated with schizophrenia.
(it appears to be very dificult to pinpoint which genes are involved)

APOE 2/3/4
cit
drd1 rs4532
DTNBP1 rs1011313
erbb4
MTHFR rs1801131
NOTCH1
PAK7
rapge4
slc1a3
st6galnac1(a gene with a unknown function,but thought to add sugars to proteins)
TPH1 rs1800532

Genetic atlases

The Allen institue for Brain Science published the Allen Brain Atlas in 2006, which mapped the expression of about 20,000 mouse brain genes.

The Allen institue is now doing an atlas of the expression of about 18,500 genes of the spinal cord.

Parents and grandparents lifestyle effects on future generations

According to epigenetics, what your ancestors eat,drink, smoking habits, exposure to pollutants or obesity etc can affect future generations .

There is evidence that the present diabetes, heart disease and obesity epidemics are partly linked to past generations lifestyle.

Obese pregnant mothers may be causing epigenetic changes in their children.

Smoking father had more obese children, the smoking is believe to change how the chilren's genes are expressed.

A study of a Swedish community who experienced food shortages,the grandchildren lived longer,there was evidence of an epigenetic change.

Forty-plus fathers were more likely to have autistic children,this being possibly epigenetic in nature.

Equinine genes

All white horses are properbly descended from one horse with a defective gene.

Thousands of years ago, humans may have noticed a particular white horse that they protected the horse and breed more white horse.

White horses have a higher risk of getting skin cancer, 75% by the age of 15 have a benign form of melanoma, which can turn malign.

Genetic analysis

75% of Iberian Early Holocene horses had the black allele located on the ASIP gene.
Search Amazon.com for Iberian horses
Researchers believe that those with two copies of  a myostatin-suppressing C version of a particular gene are more likely to win in a 6.5 furlongs race,whereas those with two copies of the T version wre more likely to win in a 13.5 furlongs race.

All thoroughbred  horses in england are descended rom three arabian stallions wheras the female ancestors are either english or irish mares.
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Jacob's Legacy;A genetic view of Jewish history

This book combines genetics and biblical history over a period of about 3,000 years.

Possibly mentions the Lemba,who I understand has the same male genetic code as the Cohanim,supposedly descended from Aaron,brother of Moses
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How genes affect HIV infection

A mutation in the gene CCL5 accelerates the progression of HIV-1 in those of American European descent.

CCR5 delation is connected withproection against HIV

DARC- found in about 60% of african Americans, appears to slow the the progression of HIV.

Duffy-negativity,common among africans is also believed to increase suspectibility to HIV.

Mitchondrial DNA appears to affect progression towards AIDS.

Thoses with the U5A1 and J haplogroups progressed faster towards AIDS.

Thoses with the H3 haplogroup

Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative

Most africans have the duffy-negative gene(DARC-), because it confers resistance against the malaria parasite.

However,the same genetic variant may well be to blame for the HIV epidemic among africans, because it may be making them more suspectible.

Gene Wiki project

Wikipaedia is doing this project using a computer programme to retrieve and collate information from scientific databases.

So far, details of over 8,000 genes are in the project.

genes linked to some cases of CJD

Some cases of CJD(Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease) are caused by mutations in a gene called Prp.

When mutated,these cause a build up of prions.

Genetic differences between humans and other primates

Humans may be the only mammal that lacks Neu5Gc, having Neu5Ac instead, because of a mutation that disables an enzyme that converts Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc.

Gene may have originated about 2 millionn years ago.

This and other genetic differences may explain susceptibilities to different diseases like diferent types of malaria, arthritis, alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis.

Y chromosomes journey around the world

At the root of the Y chromosomes tree are the San, followed by Mbuti, then Biaka pygmies, followed by Bantus and west Africans and the youngest y chromosomes are those of Pacific islanders and Tierra de Fuego.

Studies suggest american indians are related to East Siberians.

Genetic origins of Finno-Ugric peoples is in the Pamir area

Cacao plant genome to be sequenced

This project will take 5 years and cost $10million to sequence the estimated 500million letters that make up the genome,this may help scientists develop hybrid cacao trees that are more robust,have huigher yields and possibly resistant to diseases like funguses that have cost cocoa growers over £300 million a year.

genetics of mammoths and elephants

DNA has been analysed from a woolly mammoth hairball, as well as 17 other mammoth reveals that there were two genetically different species.

One was extinct before human arrived in the area.

The first draft genetic code of mammoths has been unveiled(19th november 2008).

It suggests that mammoths split into two species about 2 million years ago, one of which become extinct about 45,000 years. the other about 10,000 years ago.

The mammoth genome was read at a cost of $1million and revealed 3.3 billion letters of the mammoth's genome.

The mammoth's genome differs from that of the African elephant by only 0.6%.

Haemoglobin found in a 43,000 years old woolly mammoth differs from that of an asian elephant in three genetic sequences.

Genes linked with ADHD and hyperactiviy

The 7R version of DRD4 has been linked to ADHD.

Among nomads, this gene is linked to being well nourished,however among settled people, such people were worse nourished.

Genes linked with huntington's disease

The disease is related to mutations in tthe HTT gene which causes 36 to 180 CAG repeats.

Genes linked to IQ

A `C' version of a gene/enzyme called succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase has been linked to higher IQ in cognitive ability tests.

The epsilon 4 variant of the apoe gene has ben linked to better cognitive ability,87% of those carrying the gene variant go on to university.

Longevity genes

Men carrying two copies of an IDE(Insulin-degrading enzyme) gene variant tend to live longer than those with only one copy.

A daf2 gene mutation in nematode worms living on agar in laboratories gives the nematode worms a longer lifespan.

Those who have a`C' version of the gene/enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase(SSADH) were more likely to reach 100 years old, this version of the gene is more efficient at riding the brain of excess acid.

Those with the 2`T' version of SSADH are unlikely to live past 85.

Variations within a gene called FOXO3A(associated with insulin signalling) are associated with longevity.

One variation with two copies of one version of the gene were less likely to report health problems and more likely to live to 98.

SIRT1 overexpression may affect the ageing process.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase wwp-1 with the transcription factor pha-4,but not the transctiption factor daf-16,together with calorie restriction can increase lifespan.

mutations in a gene called TOR can affect ageing

Alcohol related genes

ADH1B(alcohol dehyrogenase enzymes), a variant of this gene can metabolize alcohol 100 times faster than non-carriers of this gene variant.

A variant  of adh1b*3 found in African americans appears to be more likely to cause sleepiness when they drank alcohol.

Genes linked to hair colour

EDAR gene variants in asians cause thicker hair.
Search Amazon.com for asian genetics
Mutations in genes called MC1R and ASIP causes red hair and freckles, as well as increasing your chances of melanomas/skin cancer.

MC1R is more likely to give you skin cancer depending on exposure to sunlight ,whereas ASIP is less so.

SLC24A5

Tasmanian Tiger Genes

Scientists have extracted DNA from 4 Tasmanian Tiger, 3 of which are preserved in alcohol, isolating genes, then injecting them into mouse embryos.

Tests show a gene called Cola1 was switched on, causing bone and cartilage to grow in the young mice.

The last Tasmanian Tiger died in 1936.

Genes linked to pre-eclampsia

Some cases of pre-eclampsia could be caused by mutations in a gene that makes
2-methoxyoestradion, aka 2-ME, according to studies on mice.

Genes , IVF and embryo viability

Researchers have identified 7317 genetic instruction sets expressed by viable embryos but not by unviable embryos.

Researchers hope to find 10 top genes which predict which embryos become viable.

Genetic abbreviations

aaat
aak
aat;alpha-1 anti-trypsin
aba;abscisic acid
abca
abi
abl
ablim
acadl
acadm
acavl
accn
acH
achr;acetylcholine receptor
acj
acl;atp-citrate lycase
ACOT;acyl-coa thioesterase
acs2p
acsl
act;actin
acta2;a2-actin
actn;actinin
adamts
adfp;adipocyte differentation-related protein
ADH;alcohol dehyrogenase enzymes
adrp;adipocyte differentation-related protein
aep
ago;argonaute
ahr;aryl hydrocarbon receptor
aicd;app intracellular domain
aid;acivation-induced deaminase
aim
aipm;azaindolyl-pyrazinyl-maleimide
akt
ala
alas;aminolevulinic acid synthase
alb
alda-1
alai
aldh2;aldehyde dehydrogenase 2
alg
alk;anaplastic lymphoma kinase
alt;alanine aminotransferase
alu
ampa
ampk
amt
amy;amylase
anb
angpt;angiopoietin
anxa
ap;adaptor protein
apba;amyloid B A4 precursor protein-binding,family a
apc ;anaphase-promoting complex?/aenomarous plyposis coli/apythical protein kinase
apc/c;anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
aph
aplb
apoa
apobec;apolipoprotein B eiing complex proein
APOE
app;amyloid precursor protein
ap*s
aqp
ar;androgen receptor
araC
arc
ARF;adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor
arg;arginine
arhgef7
asc
asf;ant-silencing unction
ash
asic
ASIP;agouti signaling protein
asn
asp
aspm
ast
ASXL
atf;activating transcription factor
atl;alkyltranserase-like protein
atm
atoh
atp;adenosine triphosphate
atr6v
avpr;arginine vasopressin
BAC;bacterial artificial chromosome
bach
bak
batp
bax
bbc
bcan
bcap;b cell adaptor protein
bcar
bcl
bcr;b cell receptors
bcr-abl1;B-cell recepor?
bdf
Bdnf;brain-derived neuorotrophic factor
becn;beclin
betp
bh
bhlh;;basic-helix-loop-helix
bid
bim
blimp
BMP;bone morphogenetic proteins
bmpr;ditto + recepttor
bolle
boule
bpi
braf
brap
BRCA
brct
brdU;bromodeoxyuridine
brn3
bs;blistered
btd; b tail domain
bubr;budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles-related
by
bzip;basic-region leucine zipper
b2m;b*-microgloin
b3gbt1
ca;chromatin assembly factor/cis-aconitate
caaatt
cacnp
caga
calcr;calcitonin receptor
caloco
camk;calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase
camta;calmodulin-binding transcription activator
caps;capricious
card;caspase recruitment domain-containing protein
carm;coativator-associated arginine methyltranferase
cat
cathl;cathelicidin
cbl
cblb
cbp;CREB-binding protein
cbx
cc;coiled coil
cca;circadian clock associated/citrate or cis-aconitate
ccl;ccr3 ligands eotaxin
ccr;cell chemokine receptor?
cdc2;cdk protein complex?
CDK;cyclin-dependent kinase
CDKN;
cdk*rap
cd247
cd3e
ct
ceacam
cebpa ;ccaat/enhancer binding protein alpha
cebpg
cenpj
cep
cesa
cet*p
cftr;cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
ctr
chc;clathrin?
che;cca1 hiking expedition
chek
chrebp;carbohydrate responsive element-building protein
chk
chop
chr;channelrhodopsin
chx
cidea
cis;common insrion sites
cit
ck;casein kinase
clb
CLE4A
clib
clk
cln;syclin?
cmy;chromomethylase
cnih
cnp
cnt
CNV;copy number variation
col9a1
COMT;catechol-o-methyltransferase
cop
CORO1B
cox
cpt
creb;cyclic
crebp;camp responce element-binding protein
crhr;corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor
CRISPR;clutered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
crk
crkl
cry;cryptochrome
csf;colony stimulating factor
csk
cslb
cslf
cslg
cslh
csn
csnk 2A1
csp;cystein string protein
ctcf
CTLA; Cytoxic T-lymphocyte antigen
cue
cx;connexin
cxcl
cyc
cyp;cytochrome p450
cys
c3po;component 3 promoter of risc
daacs;dicarboxylate/amino-acid:cation symporter
dab
dach
daf
dag;diacylglycerol
DAO
dap
dapi;diamidino-2-phenylindole
DARC;Duffy antigen for receptor chemokine
dat
dbd;DDN
daz
dazl
A binding domain
dbc
DBP;duffy binding-protein
scakd
dcl;Dicer-like
dcn
dctn;dynactin
ddcad
ddef
ddx
dit
ddm;desreased dna methylaion
dec
dep
dgk;diacylglycerol kinase
dgkb
dhh
dhr;dock honology region
dhx
dicer
dio
disc;disrupted in schizophrenia
dll;distal-less
dlx
dmdg
dmrt;doublesex and mab-3-related transcripion factor
DNA;
dnah
dock
dppa
dr;death receptor/dopamine receptor
dram
DRD
drm;domains rearranged methyltranserase
drp;dtnamin-related protein
sb;double-strand break
dscam
dscr;down syndrome critical region
dstn
DTNBP
dym;dynamin
dyrk
eat
ebi2
ebna
ecat
eef
ef-p
egfr;epiermal-growth-factor receptor
egr
eif;eukaryotic translation initiation factor
eif4e2;
elf;early flowering
elk
elmo1
enpp
epcam;Epithelial cell adhesion molecular
epo;erythropoietin
epor
EPS8
ER;enoplasmic reticulum
eras
ERBB;e receptor
erg
erf;ethylene-response-factor
erk-map kinase;extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mitogen-activate protein kinase
erman;er mannosidase
ESR;
essrb
etv
eut
eutk
eutl
eutm
eutn
euts
evi
ews
ewsr1
exd;extradenticle
exph
eya;eyes absent
faah;fatty acid amide hydrolase
FABP;fatty acid binding protein
fadd;fas-associated death domain protein
FAC
FAM
fap
far
FBF1
fbxl;;F-box and leucine-rich repeat proein
fbxw;F-box an WD repear omainc
fcer
fcgr3a
fe
fgf ;fibroblast growth factor
fgfrdito receptor
FH;umarate hydrasate
fhbp;factor h binding protein
FISH; fluorescent in situ hybridization
fkh2
flc
flg
FLI
flj
flt
FMRP;fragile x mental retardation protein
fos
fosb
foxo
foxp;forkhead box p
fras;fraser syndrome
frem;fras1-related extracellular matrix protein
frp;frizzled-related protein
frzb
fto
ftsa
ftsaz
ftsh
ftsz
fus
fut4
fyn
gaba;y-aminobutyric acid
GABR
gab1
gab2
GAP;GTPase-activating protein
garz;gartenzwerg
gasp3
gbd'gtpase-binding domain
gca
gch;gtp cyclohydrolase
gcn;general control nonderepressible
gdf
gdnf
gdp;glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase
gef;guanine nucleotide exchange factor
get
gga;Golgi-associated,gamma aapin ear-containing-arf
gigantea
git1
gja
gjb
gjc
gli
gln
glr
glrx
glu
glur;glutamate receptor
glut;glucose transporter
gly
glyr;glycine receptor
gm
gmp;guanosine monophosphate
gnas
gna13
gnbp;gram-negative-bacteria-biningprotein
gnpda
got;glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
gp;g-protein?
GPCR;G-protein-coupled receptor
gpr; G-ptotein-coupled receptors
gpsn
gr;glucocorticoid receptor
grap
grasp
grb2
gria
GRIN
grinl1b
grk2;G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2
grm
grs
gsc;Glut4 sorage compartmnt
gsk;Glyvocogen synthase kinase
gsk3b
gsn
gstt;glutathione S-transferase theta
gtf2i
gtp;guanine nucleotide-binding protein
hac
hac1p
har;human accelerated region
hat;histone acetyl transferase
hb
hba
hbb
HCT;
HDAC;histone deacetylase
hds;homology-directed repair
hek;human embryonic kidney
hes
hh
hif;hypoxia-inducible factor
hipi
his
hist
hjurp
hk;hexokinase
hla;human leukocyte antigen
hla-dp
hnf
hnrnp-a
hox;homeobox
hoxd
HP
hprt;hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyltransferase
hr;;histamine receptor
hras
hrd
hsf
hsp;heat shock protein?
hstn;histatherin
hth;homothorax
htr;5-hydroxytryptamine receptor
HTT;human huntingtin gene
HUVECs;human umbilical vein endothelial cells
hyb
hyl
h2ax
h*k
ian*l
IDE;Insulin-degrading enzymes
idh1;isocitrate dehydrogenases
idi;isopentenyl-diphosphatate elta isomerase
ifdr
ife
ifih;intereron induced with helicase c domain
ofit
IFN;Interferon regulatory factor
ifng
ig;immunoglobulin
igfbp
ihh;indian hedgehog
ikka
ikki
ikkn
ile
ilk;integrin-linked kinase
IL1B;interleukin
inpp4a
INPP5D
ins
insp;inositol-*trisphosphate
INSR
ipk
irak;Interleukin-1 receptor-associate kinase
irap;insulin-regulate amino peptidase
ire
ires;internal ribosome entry site
irgm
irs1;insulin receptor substrate
islet
islr
ispa
itgb
jak
jhdm
jmjd
jnk ; kinase?
jun
kap
kcnh
kcnj11;potassium inwardly rectiying channel j11 gene
kcnq
kctd
kdm
kdm*a
kdr
kid
kif1a
kit
KITLG
kix
klf
klrg
kn
kndg1
krab;krippel-assocaited box
kras
krs
krt;keratin?
ksr
ksrp;KH-type splicing regulatory protein
kv
lac
lacz
lag
lamp;lysome-associated membrane protein
lbd;ligand binding domain
lbp
lcad
lck
lcp
lct;lactose
ld;linkage disequilibrium
ldh;lactate dehyrogenase
ldlr;low-density lipopretein receptor
leap
lefty
leu
lgc;ligand-gated chloride channels?
lgr
lhx
lhy;late elongated hypocotyl
lif;leukemia inhibiting factor
lilra;leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor
limk
LINE2long-interspersed-nuclear element
lingo
lis1
lkb
lmaf
lman
lmna
lncap
loxp
lpa;lysophosphatidic acid
lrim
lrp1
lrr;leucin-rich repeat
lsd
LTR;Long terminnal repeats
ly6e
lyg
lyn
lys
mad;mitotic arrest-deficint
maf
mafb
mafg
magfea
mal
malp
maoa
maob
map;mitogen-active protein?
mapk;MAP kinase? /mitogen-actived protein?
mapt
map2k7
mash
math
matk
MB;megabase
MC1R;melanocrotin-1 receptor
mcad
mcf
mck; muscle creatine kinase
mcl
mco;multicopper oxidase protein
mcp;monocyte chemotactic protein
mcph
mct
md;myeloid diferentation
mda;melanoma diferentiation-associated protein
mdc;meiator of dna damage checkpoint protein
mdh;malate ehydrogenase
mdm
mdy
me;malic enzyme
mecp
mek
mest
met
mfs;major facilitator superfamily
mglu;metabotropic glutaminate
mgst
mhc;major histocompatility comples
midas;metal ion-dependent adhesion site
mipol
MIR;mammalian-wide interspersed repeat
mite;minature inverted repeated transposable element
mitf
mlc;myosin light chain
mlh
mll;mixed-lineage leukaemia
mmp
mpk;MAP kinase
mras
mre
mrn;mre11/rad50/nbs1
msh
msk2
msp;merozoitic
mst1r
msx
mthf;methyl-tetrahydrofolate
MTHFR
mtnr;melatonin receptor
mtor;mammalian target of rapamycin
mybp;myosin binding protein
myc
mycn
myd
myg;myogenin
myh9
nAChR
nad;nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nadp;as above+phosphate
nae;nedd8-activating enzyme
nailc
nampt;nicotinamie phosphori
nanog
nat;n-acetyltransferase
nbfp;neuroblastoma break-point family
nbs;nucleotide binding site
nbs-lrr
nck1
ncoa
nedd9
negr
nek;nerer-in-mitosis A-related kinase
neto
nf2;nuclear factor?
nfkbiz
nhej;nonhomologous end joining
nhe9
nicd;notch intracellular omain
nih*t
NIMA;never-in-mitosis A
nkx
nlgn4
nmda ;N-methyl-d-asparttate
nod
notch
npm1
nppa
nppb
nptx
npyb;neoropeptide y receptor
nras
nrf;nuclear respiractory factor
nrp;nuclear rna polymerase
nrxn1;neurexin
nss;neurotransmitter;sodium symporter
nth;N-terminal helix
ntl;no tail
ntp;nicleoside triphosphate
ntrk
NUMBL
nur
oar;octopamine
oasis
OCA
oct
ol3a3
oli
olig
orc;origin recognition complex protein
osd;omission o secon ivision
ost
ot
pad;proteins associated with differention/peptidylarginine deiminase
pag
pak;p21-activated kinase
pak1
palb
park
pax
pbef
pcdh;protocadherin
pcf
pcg;polycomb group
pclkc
PCR;polymerase chain reaction
pd;programmed death
pdeb;phosphodiesterase
pdgf;platelet-derived growth factor
pdgfra
pdgfrb
pdpk1
pdr
pdx
pdz
pecam1
pep;perpetual flowering
per;period
pfk;phosphofructokinase
pg;piggybac
pgk;phosphoglycerate kinase
pgr
pgs
ph;pleckstrin homology
pha
phactr
phd;proylylhydroxylases
phe
phox2b
phyl;phyllop
pi
PI3K;phosphoinositide 3-kinase
pias2
pik3ca
pik3r1;phosphatidylinositol-3-oh kinase regulatory subunit
PIRNA
pitpnm
pkcv
pkr;protein kinase r
pla
plcg2
plk;pelle-like kinase?
plp
PLXNA
pms2
pnr;pannier
poli;polymerase iota
pot
pp;protein phosphatases
ppara;peroxine-prolierator-activated recepor a
pparg;peroxine-prolierator-activated receptor-y-gene
ppck;phosphoeenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase
ppdk;pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase
ppp*r;protein phospharase* regulator(inhibito) subunity
ppr
ppre;ppar responsive element
pr;progesterone receptor
prc;polycomb repressive complex
prdm
pre
PREF;preadipocyte factor
prickle
prkca
prkcd
prox
prp;plasticity-related proteins
prr;pseudo-responce regulator
psd
psors
ptb
ptch
ptd;phosphotyrosine-binding
pten;phosphatase and tensin holologue
ptex;plasmodium translocon od exported proteins
pthr
pth*r
ptk2B
ptpn;protein tyrosine pgosphatase-n
ptprd
ptprk
ptprt
puma
pxn;paxillin
pyl
pyr;pyrabactin resistance
p4hb;prolyl 4-hydroxylase
qsh
rab
rac
rad
raf
rage
rai1
rapgef
rara;retinoic acid reeceptor alpha
ras
rasa1
ras-grf
rassf1
rb
rbd;rac-binding omain
rbl;reticuloctyce-binding-like
rbpms
rc
rc*h
rdr;RNA-depenent RNA polymerase
rem1
ret
rex
rfv
rgs
rheb
risc;sirna-induced silencing complex
RKO
rnaset
rnd;resistance nodulation cell division
rnf5
rny
ror
rosa
RP
rpa
rps
rrt
rscS
rsks
rspo;R-spondin
rsy
rtk;receptor tyrosine kinase
rtt
rtta;reverse tetracycline transactivator
runx*t
rwpe
rxr
ryr;ryanodine receptor
saa
sae
sb;sleeping beauty
SCAP;SREBP cleavage acivating potein
SCARB2;scavenger receptor B2
scf;skp1/cullin/f-box protein
schb
scr;sex combs reduced
sdh;succinate dehydrogenase
sdt
secy
sema;semaphorin
ser;serine?
serpinb
sgms;sphingomyelin synthase
sgk;srum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase
sh;src homology
shank3
shc1
shd
shh
shpk;sphingosine kinase
sh*b
sh*pxd*
sh-st*y
sic
sif;stumpy induction factor
sik;salt-inducible kinase
sine;short interspersed nuclear element
sir;silencing information reglator
siRNA;short interfering RNA
sirt
six
sk;snorkel
skn
sk2b1
SLAM;signalling lymphocyte activation molecule
SLC
slc1a3
slc2a1
slc9a3r2
slit
smad
smaf
smi
smn;survival motor neuron
smo;smoohtened
smt
smg
snca
sndstaphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain
snorkel
SnoRNA;small repeat nucleolar RNA
snrk;snf-related kinase
snrpn
sod;superoxide dismutase
sol
sorl1
SOS;son of sevenless
sox
sp1
spaw
spg;spartin?
sphk;sphingosine kinase?
spn;snurportin
spock
spr
spry;sprouty
src
SREBP;sterol regulatory element binding-protein
srf;serum responce factor
ssm
ssp;suspensor allele
ssr;simple sequence repeat
stat3;signal transducers and activators of transcription
stella
stk;src tyrosine kinase?
strn
suc
sur
sxc;super sex combs
syk
syn;synapsin
synj2bp
syx;syntaxin
s1p;sphingosine-1-phosphate
tacr
tacstd
Taftipsi
tagln
tarbp
tarp;transmembrane AMPA-receptor regulatory protein
tau
tb
tbs;TCP-binding site
tbx1
tcf7l2;trancription factor 7 like 2 gene
tchh
tchhl
tcp
tcr;T-cell antigen-binding receptor
tdp;threonine dehydrogenase
tdp
tec
terra;telomere-repeat-encoded rna
tert
tes
tet
tgn;trans-golgi network
tgr;transforming growth factor
tgfbr1
thap
thp
thr
thyx
ticam
tip
TLR;toll-like receptors
tmem
tmprss;transmembrane serine protease
tmprss2-erg
tnf
toc;timing of cad expression
tor;target of rapamycin
TP;tumour protein
TPCN ;tw0-pore segment channel 2
TPH;tryptophan hydroxylase
tpr;tetratricopeptide repeat
fraf
trax;translin-associated factor x
trem
trif
trim
trp
trx;trithorax
try;trypsinogen
tsc
tsh;teashirt
tsix
ttp;tristetraprolin
tuba3
tubg1
txnd;thioredoxin domain
tymp;thymidine phosphorylase
TYR; tyrosinase
TYRP; tyrosinase-related protein
uba
ubc
ubch
ube21
ube3a
ubx;ultrabithorax
UCP;uncoupling protein
ulbp
ump;uridine monophosphate
unc
upr;unfolded protein responce
usp
utr;untranslaed region
uvrag
utx
vac
val
vamp;vesicle-associate membrane protein
vasa
vav
vcap
vdr;vitamin D receptor
VEGF;vascular endothelial growth factor
vesl
vhl
vif
vimi;variant in methylation
vlcad
vldl
vlr;variable lymphocyte receptors
vmat;vesicular monoamine transporter
vrs
vsg;variant surface glycoprotein
vsig
vtc;vacuolar transporter complex
vtc*p
waxy
vps
vsx
WGS;whole-genome shotgun
wtx
wwp
xbp
xist
y
yar
ycca
yda
yhb
yjm
yoda
ypf;yellow fluorescent protein
yqid
y81g3a
zap-70;Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70
zc*h**a
zdhhc
zf
zfhx
zfn;zinc finger nuclease
zfp
zic
zif
zmppck
znf
zranb

Platypus Genome analysis

The platypus has 52 chromosomes in both sexes.

Genome has both reptilian and mammalian features.

Platypuses possibly go back 166 million years.

Milk protein genes;mammal-like

personalised genome sequencing

The cost of doing a personalised genome may become as low as £50

Companies potentially in the market;
23andme
bionanomatrix
Complete Genomics
deCODE
DNA direct
knome,Cambridge,Massachusetts.
Navigenics

James watson's genome sequenced

It cost US$1.5 million to produce and was done by 454 life sciences, owned by Roche.
They found over 3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).

genes linked to Alzheimer's

A version(epsilon4, increases risk up to 12 times) of the APOE gene is associated with alzheimer's.

Sites on a brain protein called tau are linked to alzheimer's, if a tau protein becomes entangled,it can lead to alzheimer's.

Polymorphism called P86L in a gene called CALHMI, in alzheimers' patients,this polymorphism occurs in 40% of such patients, whereas normally the polymorphism occurs in only 20% o the population.
It affects calcium levels in the brain.
The connection is not 100% sure.

Mutation in the PSEN1 and PSEN2 may also be associated with alzheimers'

http://www.alzgene.org/

Pcdh11x variant associated wih alzhimers.

APP mutant;A673V in a homozygous state.

Two copies of a mutation(above?) in APP gene is more likely to lead to Alzheimers'.

Presenilin 1 and 2 are also associated with alzheimers.

Variants of two genes called clusterin(involved in removing rogue proteins) and picalm are associate wih alzheimers.

A variant of the CR1 gene has also been linked with alzheimers.

The ephb2 receptor,a group of tyrosine kinase receptors has been implicated in alzheimer's.

Native American DNA found in Oregon Cave

Mitochondrial DNA has been recovered from 14,300 years old fossilised faeces(coprolites) discovered in the Paisley caves in Oregon, USA.

The DNA comes from one of two founding groups of Native American

Microrna array products

Exiqon sells mircury
geniom
idtdna
stratagene

Genes associated with smoking and nicotine addiction as well as lung cancer

CHRNA3(RS1051730, T allele version increases chances of lung cancer by 30%)
CHRNA5(RS16969968)
CHRNB4
IREB2
LOC123688
PSMA4
These are located in the 15q25(chromosome 15)locus

Located in the 15q24 locus.
RS1317286
RS6495308

The chemicals in cigarette smoke cause one gene mutation for every 15 cigarettes smoked

(Park2 is associated with lung cancer)

International Congress of Genetics, Berlin, 2008

To be held July 12-17.

It will look at human evoluion and genetics etc

On of the 280 lecturers is Svante Paabo who has extracted ancient DNA from old remains.

Further details; www.geneticsberlin2008.com

Genes linked to obesity

The following genes are possibly linked to obesity.
Alox5ap
C3ar1
Lactb
Lpl
pparg
Ppm1l
Tgrbr2
Zfp90
I might expanse on these later

Genetic code near a gene called MC4R, whose carrying a certain variant of this stretch of DNA are more likely to be almost 2 kg heavier.
MC4R has been linked to cases of childhood obesity.
MC3R mutations A293T.I335S and X361S are possibly connected with obesity.
This genetic code is more common in those of Indian Asian descent.

FTO variants have been linked to obesity.

Genes close to the following loci
bdnf
gnpda2
kctd15
negr1
sk2b1
tmem18

DYS44 and ZDT

DYS44(dysprotin) sp? gene in humans is estimated to have originated over 1 million years ago.
There are about three version of the gene worldwide.
ZDF(Zucker diabetic fatty) gene is estimated to have originated in the human population about 306,000 years ago

P2Y2

Children who have a variant of this gene are more likely to have abnormal hair follicle cells form.

Prostate Cancer genes

Scientists are working to develop a test for prostate cancer after discovering 7 genetic markers linked to prostate cancer, each of which raised the risk by 60%.
Two of those genes are called MSMB and LMTK2.
10,000 British men die from the disease every year.

HNF1B and PTEN possibly connected to prostate cancer.
Genes that are linked to slow aceylation like versions of NAT-2 have been linked to  prostate cancer.

In 50% of cases,a fusion of the TMPRSS2 and erg genes is found.

RRM2P4

This gene located on the X chromosome, is believed to have originated 2 million years ago.
Some researchers believe it may have come from a Asian Homo Erectus population,whereas others believe the gene originated from Africa.
53% of people in South China have this gene.

First African male genome sequenced

Illumina, a biotechnology company in San Diego, California has made the first African genome, from a Yoruban man in Nigeria.

Genes linked to heart disease

Rs10757274 and Rs1333040 on chromosome 9 boosts the risk of heart of heart disease by 40% if there is one copy of the gene, two copies double your risk of having a heart attack early in life.

The genes MUC6 AND LPA are associated with heart disease as well as H. pylori infections.

The FH(familial hypercholestrolaemia) gene gives a 50% chance of heart disease after the age of 10.

Strong miR-21 signal is associated with cardiac disease.

cdkn2a and cdkn2b

Genes linked to diabetes

Rs10811661 on chromosome 9;people with this gene released less insulin when given glucose.

E23K variant of the KCNJ11, Lpl,TCF7L2 P12A variant of the PPARG gene and ppm1l have also been associated with diabetes.

HHEX gene variants rs1111875 and rs7923837

HLA-DQ8 and IAg7 have been closely associated with type 1 diabetes.

Mutations(rs1387153) in a gene called MTNR1B, a melatonin receptor has been linked to Type 2 diabetes, the mutation increases the risk by 9%

Cat genetics

Studies of 979 feral and domesticated cats from Europe, Africa and Asia suggests that there are 5 feline lineages which originated in the Fertile Crescent.

Cats have been found in graves in Cyprus circa 6500BC.

Cats coexisted with humans, feeding on rodents that infested the first farmer's grain houses.

The TYR gene in cats has been linked to coat colour.

1000 genomes project

Scientists will map the 1% of the genetic material that varies between people,this 1% often explains the differences in people's health.
The project will cost about $50million(£26million) and about 3 years to complete,will be freely avaible allowing researchers to pinpoint genes responible for genetic disorders quickly and match treatments to patients.
Researchers will study 1,000 genes of 1,000 people.

syphilis's genetic origins

Syphilis diverged from yaws about AD1100.
syphilis seem to show similiaries to yaws samples from indigenious communities in Guyana with 4 genome locaties similiar to syphilis.
Children in Guyana with yaws had chancres more similiar to syphilis than yaws.

It appears that sailors with christopher columbus took syphilis wih them to europe.

Aztec Mexico appears to have had syphilis.

Soay sheep evolving

Horned soay sheep arirved in the ST Kilda archipelago about 2000 BC.
Mostly black or brown, some have light sandy colour.
Recently the number of dark soay sheep has dropped.
The sandy coloured sheep have genes for hardiness and reproductive success.

Genes implicated in leukaemia.

Two genes called MEL and AML if fused together inside blood stem cells in bone marrow can cause leukaemia.

When scientists injected such abnormal blood cells into mice, they developed leukaemia-like symptoms.

Molecule called sumo, if attacked by an enzyme called RNF4 is destroyed.

In cases of Acute Lymphobatic Leukaemia, a gene called IKZF1 is deleted in almost 90% of cases,and a gene called CDKNZA is deleted in about 50% of cases.

Genes involved with breast cancer.

MicroRNA sequences mir-122a, mir-199, mir-206 and mir-489.

The expression of these genes are lost in the majority of breast cancer patients that relapse.

Mir-10b over expression is associated with breast cancer tumours.

A master gene called SATB1 makes breast cancer more aggressive,disabling this gene may stop breast cancer cells growing.

Involved in one type of breast cancer, TGFSS switches on a molecule called ANGPTL4.

HER2(human epidermal factor receptor 2) also known as ERBB2 is associated with breast cancer.

Higher than normal levels of IGF-1(Insulinlike growth factor) in the blood has associated with higher risk of breast cancer.

Breast cancer patients survived longer, with the protein Brd4, so research suggest.

ESR1 gene appears to be amplificed in some tests,but not others.

NQO1*2, rs1800566(t) is associated with low survival rate.

AGTR1,AKT1,PIK3CA,PTEN and TP53 genes are also associated with breast cancer.

BRCA1 and BRCA2  genes are also associated with breast cancer

Beetle DNA

Beetles were around in the Jurassic period when dinosaurs were around, so a DNA study suggests.
DNA sequences were compared from almost 2,000 beetles species.

There are around 350,000 known species of beetles.